Microfluidic device for size and deformability measurements and applications thereof

ABSTRACT

A microfluidic device system includes a channel having an entrance and an exit, a height at the entrance being greater than a height at the exit. The height of the channel may decrease continuously from the height at the entrance to the height at the exit. Cells or particles or beads traveling through the channel become trapped based on their size and/or deformability. A visual sensor captures images of the trapped cells or particles or beads, and image software analyzes the captured images to provide size and/or deformability and/or fluorescence information. A method of fabricating such a microfluidic device includes introducing a glass wafer to an etching solution at a specific rate such that a first end of the glass wafer is etched longer than other portions of the glass wafer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/746,408 filed Jan. 17, 2020, which claims the benefit of the filingdates of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/793,720, filed Jan. 17,2019, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/908,406, filed Sep. 30,2019, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entireties.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST

This invention was made with government support under DK046960 awardedby the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rightsin the invention.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This application relates to a microfluidic device for determining thepresence, size and/or deformability of cells or particles within asolution. A method of use and a method of fabricating a microfluidicdevice for purposes of determining the presence, size and/ordeformability of cells, proteins, or particles within a solution is alsoprovided.

BACKGROUND

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes significant morbidity and mortalityglobally. In the United States alone, an estimated 1.9 million peoplesustain a TBI annually, and 50,000 of these individuals die of theirinjuries. Furthermore, 2% of the United States population is estimatedto have a disability caused by TBI. The high rates of morbidity andmortality can be attributed to ineffective diagnostic and treatmentmethods. No new treatments for TBI have been approved in 30 years,largely due to the heterogeneity of injuries and insensitive nature ofTBI diagnosis and classification. Assessment of TBI injuries istypically done through neurological examination and neuroimagingtechniques. While these methods are capable of identifying direct tissuedamage to the brain, they cannot assess the secondary damage stemmingfrom the initial injury. The primary tissue damage sets off a cascade ofsecondary injuries, such as neuronal cell death, blood brain barrierbreakdown, edema, and upregulation of inflammatory markers. Proteinbiomarkers have been proposed as a way of monitoring the progression ofsecondary TBI injury and of providing more sensitive diagnostic measureswhen used in conjunction with imaging and physical examination. FDAapproved biomarkers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) andubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), can currently only bemeasured in a hospital laboratory. However, GFAP is detectable in serumwithin one hour after injury, enabling the possibility of point-of-carediagnosis in pre-hospital and field settings.

SUMMARY

The current disclosure is directed to a microfluidic device fordetermining the size, and/or deformability, of cells or particles. Themicrofluidic device includes a channel having an entrance and an exit, aheight at the entrance being greater than a height at the exit. Theheight of the channel may decrease continuously from the height at theentrance to the height at the exit. Cells or particles traveling throughthe channel become trapped based on their size and/or deformability. Avisual sensor captures images of the trapped cells or particles, andimage software analyzes the captured images to provide size and/ordeformability information. A method of fabricating such a microfluidicdevice includes introducing a glass wafer to an etching solution at aspecific rate such that a first end of the glass wafer is etched longerthan other portions of the glass wafer.

The microfluidic device could be used in a variety of applications. Forexample, the microfluidic device could be used to determine thepoly-dispersity of microbeads. Commercial manufacturers of microbeadsthat prefer a narrow distribution of particle size in their fabricationcould use the microfluidic device to check the quality of theirmicrobeads. As another example, the microfluidic device could be used toseparate whole blood into white blood cells and red blood cells sincewhite blood cells have a size of approximately 10 μm while red bloodcells have a size of approximately 2 μm. As yet another example,circulating tumor cells could be separated from other cells using themicrofluidic device. Further studies on the deformability of the tumorcells could also be carried out by the device.

Another potential use of the microfluidic device would be to carry outspectrophotometric measurements. Based on the Beers-Lambert law, thelight absorbed by a liquid is a function of the concentration, the pathlength, and the absorptivity of the liquid. Following this principle, atdifferent positions in the channel of the microfluidic device, theabsorbed light is a function of the thickness of the liquid (the heightof the channel). Applications of the spectrophotometric measurementscould include the measurement of the concentration of differentsolutions (including blood, i.e. hematocrit content), and any othersolution.

Further still, the device can be used in assays, such as immunoassays,to detect and diagnose various conditions, such as traumatic braininjury. Accordingly, the disclosure is further directed to amicrofluidic assay. The microfluidic assay can comprise a solutioncomprising a target protein, a first complex, and a second complex. Thefirst complex comprises a bead, wherein the bead has a diameter and asurface. The surface of the bead can be substantially coated in a firstmolecule, such as an antibody, DNA (or fragment thereof), or RNA (orfragment thereof). The second complex can comprise a second molecule,such as an antibody, DNA (or fragment thereof), or RNA (or fragmentthereof), associated with a quantum dot. When exposed to the targetprotein (i.e., within the solution), the first molecule and the secondmolecule can associate with the target protein to form a multiplex onthe surface of the bead.

The disclosure also provides methods of using a microfluidic assaywithin the microfluidic device. The method comprises providing amicrofluidic device system having a channel. The channel has a heightthat is greater at an entrance to the channel than a height at an exitof the channel. The channel can decrease in height from the entrance tothe exit. The method also comprises combining a first solution with atarget protein and a second solution. The first solution comprises aplurality of beads, wherein each bead has a diameter and a surfacesubstantially coated with a first molecule. The second solutioncomprises a second molecule associated with a quantum dot. Uponcombining the first solution with the target protein and the secondsolution, the first molecule (e.g. in the first solution) and the secondmolecule (e.g. in the second solution) associate with the target proteinto form a multiplex on the surface of each of the plurality of beads.The method comprises trapping each bead of the plurality of beads alongthe channel based on the diameter of the bead. The method comprisescapturing an image of the trapped plurality of beads, sending the imageto a data collection/readout device, and analyzing the image using imagesoftware to measure the fluorescence of the multiplex on the surface ofat least one of the trapped beads located at one or more locations alongthe channel.

Also provided is a kit for determining the concentration of a targetprotein in a solution comprising the microfluidic assay and microfluidicdevice described herein.

Further aspects and advantages will be apparent to those of ordinaryskill in the art from a review of the following detailed description.The description hereafter includes specific embodiments with theunderstanding that the disclosure is illustrative, and is not intendedto limit the invention to the specific embodiments described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing outand distinctly claiming the subject matter that is regarded as thepresent disclosure, it is believed that the disclosure will be morefully understood from the following description taken in conjunctionwith the accompanying drawings. Some of the figures may have beensimplified by the omission of selected elements for the purpose of moreclearly showing other elements. Such omissions of elements in somefigures are not necessarily indicative of the presence or absence ofparticular elements in any of the exemplary embodiments, except as maybe explicitly delineated in the corresponding written description. Noneof the drawings are necessarily to scale.

FIG. 1 illustrates schematically a microfluidic device system includinga microfluidic device, a data collection and readout device having imagesoftware, a visual sensor, and multiple inlets and supply lines throughwhich solutions can be provided to the microfluidic device.

FIG. 2 illustrates a channel in the microfluidic device having acontinuous decrease in height from an entrance to the channel to theexit of the channel.

FIG. 3A is a graph showing linear height profiles of channels ofmicrofluidic devices.

FIG. 3B is a graph showing quadratic height profiles of channels ofmicrofluidic devices.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method of calculating the sizeand/or deformability of particles or cells via use of the microfluidicdevice.

FIG. 5A is a flow chart illustrating a method of fabricating amicrofluidic device having a channel that decreases continuously fromthe entrance to the channel to the exit of the channel.

FIG. 5B illustrates equipment that may be used to fabricate amicrofluidic device in accordance with the method illustrated in FIG.4A.

FIG. 6 illustrates a multiplex according to the disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a method of using a microfluidicassay in a microfluidic device according to the disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a graph of the height of the channel of a microfluidic deviceaccording to the disclosure at various positions in the wafer.

FIG. 9 shows fluorescence images of particles having different sizesafter being introduced to a microfluidic device according to thedisclosure.

FIG. 10 shows images of human red blood cells (RBCs) after beingintroduced to a microfluidic device according to the disclosure.

FIG. 11 shows images of human RBCs treated with glutaraldehyde afterbeing introduced to a microfluidic device according to the disclosure.

FIG. 12 shows an image of swine RBCs after being introduced to amicrofluidic device according to the disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a graph of the amount of light measured as a function of theheight of the channel of a microfluidic device according to thedisclosure.

FIG. 14 shows fluorescence images of a commercially availableimmunoassay used in a microfluidic device disclosed herein.

FIG. 15 shows fluorescence images of a quantum dot associated with thesurface of a bead as described herein.

FIG. 16 shows fluorescence images of a GFAP protein associated with thesurface of a bead as described herein.

FIG. 17 is a graph of a height of a microfluidic device according to thedisclosure.

FIG. 18 shows fluorescence images of an assay described herein used in amicrofluidic device disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Microfluidic DeviceSystem

Referring to the figures in detail, FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplarymicrofluidic device system 2 including a data collection/readout device4, such as a computer or a portable electronic device, connected to avisual sensor 8. The visual sensor 8 can be, for example, an invertedlight microscope or a camera, and the data collection/readout device 4includes image analysis software and/or image capture software 6(collectively image software 6) such as IMAGEJ and OCAPTURE. The visualsensor 8 collects images of particles, cells, or beads in microfluidicdevice 10. The particles, cells, or beads are introduced from acontainer 12 via a supply line 14. The visual sensor 8 collects imagesof the locations along the microfluidic device 10 at which theparticles, cells, or beads stop movement. The images are sent to thedata collection/readout device 4, and the size and/or deformability ofthe particles, cells, or beads is calculated by the image software 6. Insome instances, different subpopulations of cells, particles, or beadsmay be identified based on deformability, size, and/or fluorescence.Information about the particles, cells, or beads may be displayed ortransmitted to the Internet or cloud storage by the datacollection/readout device 4.

The microfluidic device 10 may be fabricated from glass wafers. Theglass device 10 may include a first glass wafer that is fabricated tohave patterned channels according to the fabrication method disclosedbelow and a second glass wafer that has inlet and outlet holes drilledinto it. An inlet port for the supply line 14 may be created by gluingshoulder washers on top of the inlet hole in the second glass wafer orby using a CorSolutions microfluidic connector system. Pressures at theinlet port may be measured using a digital pressure gauge.

As shown in FIG. 2, the microfluidic device 10 includes a channel 126that has a higher height H₁ at the entrance 128 to the channel 126 thanthe lower height H₂ at the exit 130 to the channel 126. Generally, thechange in height is smooth and continuous from the entrance 128 to theexit 130 as shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 3A shows two height profiles, C1 andC2, for a microfluidic device 10 that are continuously linear. In somerare instances, the change in height may be step-wise with incrementaldecreases in the height of the channel 126. FIG. 3A shows one heightprofile, C2, for a microfluidic device 10 that includes an incrementaldecrease. As yet another example, FIG. 3B shows two height profiles, A1and A2, having a quadratic profile. The slope of the channel 126 may bespecifically tailored to the solution or assay being analyzed by themicrofluidic device system 2. For example, the slope may be steeper forsolutions or assays in which cells and/or particles and/or beads havegreatly different sizes and/or deformability, whereas the slope may begentler for solutions having minor differences in the size ordeformability of the cells or particles. Particles and/or cells and/orbeads are introduced to the channel 126 through inlet 132. As particlesor cells or beads flow through the channel 126, the particles or cellsor beads become trapped at a height corresponding to their size or levelof deformability.

The channel 126 is at least 1000 μm wide in order to allow manyparticles and cells and beads to be tested without clogging the channel126. The channel 126 should be wide enough to allow smaller particles,cells, and/or beads to flow past larger trapped particles, cells, and/orbeads. The width of the channel and the number of larger particles,cells, and/or beads should be such that even when all of the largerparticles, cells, and/or beads are trapped, the channel 126 is not fullyblocked. In some instances, the width of the channel 126 may vary. Forexample, the channel 126 may be wider in areas where many particles,cells, and/or beads are anticipated to become trapped. The width of thechannel 126 may be adjusted to ensure that the particles, cells, and/orbeads will become trapped in a straight line across the channel 126,thereby making the results of using the microfluidic device 10 easier toanalyze. The depth of the channel 126 is much less than the width. Insome instances, the depth of the downstream channel is 1 μm. Theanalysis of the size and/or deformability of the particles or cells orbeads occurs by visually observing the distance that the cells orparticles traveled before getting stopped. Measurements of variations insizes and/or deformability within one population of particles or cellsare also possible thanks to the continuous slope of the channel that canbe varied to achieve different resolutions.

When used with a microfluidic immunoassay, discussed below, the heightH₁ of the channel 126 at the entrance 128 may depend on the particularbead and diameter thereof that is being used in the immunoassay. In someinstances, the height H₁ at the entrance 128 may be between 4 μm and 15μm. Likewise, the height H₂ at the exit 130 may depend on the particularbead and diameter thereof that is being used in the immunoassay. Theheight H₂ at the exit 130 may be selected such that it is smaller thanthe diameter of the bead of the immunoassay so that the bead can betrapped within the channel 126 before reaching the exit 130 of thechannel 126. In some instances, the height H₂ at the exit 130 may bebetween 0.5 μm and 8 μm.

A variety of exemplary dimensions of the microfluidic device 10,particularly for use with an immunoassay, are here provided. Forexample, the height H₁ at the entrance 128 of channel 126 may be about4μm and the height H₂ at the exit 130 of the channel 126 may be about 1μm, such that the microfluidic device 10 is suitable for use with animmunoassay comprising beads having a diameter of no greater than 4 μmand no less than 1 μm. As another example, the height H₁ at the entrance128 of channel 126 may be about 10 μm and the height H₂ at the exit 130of the channel 126 may be about 5 μm, such that the microfluidic device10 is suitable for use with an immunoassay comprising beads with adiameter no greater than 10 μm and no less than 5 μm. As yet anotherexample, the height H₁ at the entrance 128 of channel 126 may be about 5μm and the height H₂ at the exit 130 of the channel 126 may be about 2μm, such that the microfluidic device 10 is suitable for use with animmunoassay comprising beads having a diameter of no greater than 5 μmand no less than 2 μm, or no greater than 4 μm and no less than 1 μm.The channel 126 may have a length L₁ that is equal to or greater than 2cm.

In some embodiments within the scope of the present disclosure, thesupply line 14 is pressurized, and the feeding pressure of the solutionor assay is determined by the positive pressure settings of the supplyline 14. In other embodiments within the scope of the presentdisclosure, a vacuum (not depicted) is attached to an outlet of themicrofluidic device 10. In such embodiments, the feeding pressures ofthe solution or assay are created by a negative pressure at the outletof the channel 126 and can be varied.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method 202 of calculating the sizeand/or deformability of particles or cells via use of the microfluidicdevice system 2. At box 204, a an anti-interaction agent is introducedinto a channel 126 of the microfluidic device 10 to prevent interactionbetween the walls of the channel 126 and any cells or particles laterintroduced to the channel 126. The anti-interaction agent may be aphosphate buffered solution (PBS) with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA)solution. At box 206, a solution is introduced into the channel 126, thechannel 126 (as described above) having an entrance with a higher heightH₁ at the entrance 128 that decreases continuously to a lower height H₂at the exit 130 of the channel. The solution may be a <1% V/V solutionof the cells or particles being analyzed. At box 208, cells or particlesof the solution are caused to flow within the channel 126 and becometrapped in the channel 126 based on their size and/or deformability. Insome instances, the cells or particles of the solution are caused toflow for 10 minutes at approximately 12 psi. At box 210, the flow of thesolution is stopped. At box 212, an image of the trapped cells orparticles is captured via a visual sensor 8 and sent to a datacollection/readout device 4. In most instances, more than one image iscaptured with each image corresponding with a separate portion of thechannel 126. At box 214, the image or images are analyzed by imagesoftware 6 to identify size and/or deformability information, such asthe number of subsets of particles or cells having certain sizes ordeformability characteristics and the relative size of such subsets.Optionally, at box 216, the image analysis data is either displayed ortransmitted to the Internet or cloud storage.

FIG. 5A is a flow chart illustrating a method 302 of fabricating amicrofluidic device 10. At box 304, a glass wafer is prepared foretching. Such preparation may include annealing the wafer, piranhacleaning the wafer, and depositing an etching mask on the wafer. At box306, the glass wafer is etched by being introduced at a specific rateinto an etching solution so that the end of the wafer introduced firstis etched longer than the subsequent portions that go into the solutionlater. The specific rate may be a constant speed (resulting in linearprofiles, such as those shown in FIG. 3A), may include an acceleration(resulting in quadratic profiles, such as those shown in FIG. 3B), andmay include pauses to introduce incremental steps into a profile (alsoshown in FIG. 3A). Etching in this manner may be achieved by using atransverse mechanism of a syringe pump customized with a 3D-printedadapter designed to hold the wafer on one end and attached to a syringepump on the other. Displacement of the pump may be varied by selectingdifferent flow rates in order to allow for the creation of an etchedprofile having different slopes on the wafer. The wafer may have atarget slope, and the specific rate that the wafer is introduced to theetching solution may be determined based on the target slope. The targetslope may be determined based on the anticipated size or deformity ofthe cells or particles in the solution to be studied using themicrofluidic device system 2. Alternately, FIG. 5B shows an arrangement450 where a 3D printed adapter 452 holds a wafer 454 during introductionto an etching solution 456, the 3D printed adapter 452 being secured ona linear screw assembly 458 having a linear screw actuator that may beprogrammed to properly etch the wafer 454. Returning to FIG. 5A, at box308, additional etching to form the smallest heights on the wafer may beperformed by preventing a portion of the wafer from being etched at box306 and then submerging the entire wafer into an etching solution, suchas HF, using a standard wafer holder. At box 310, the etched profile ofthe glass wafer may be measured, such as by using a surfaceprofilometer. At box 312, the entire wafer may be etched uniformly toincrease height. At box 414, an entrance and an exit to the microfluidicdevice 10 may be drilled on a separate glass wafer. At box 416, theetched glass wafer and the separate glass wafer may be bonded together.

Microfluidic Assay

The disclosure provides a point-of-care microfluidic assay (e.g., animmunoassay) for detection and/or diagnosis of various conditions, suchas traumatic brain injury (TBI). For example, the assay can be animmunoassay that can be used for the quantification of GFAPconcentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum, and whole blood. Theassay can be used in connection with the microfluidic device describedherein. Fluorescence quantification can be carried out using a reusableoptics module that correlates the amount of fluorescence with theconcentration of a target protein, for example, GFAP. The assay allowsthe device to capture beads with a continuum of diameters, and providesfor the measurement of, for example, multiple TBI biomarkers in a singlepatient sample (provided that a different sized bead is used for eachbiomarker assay). The assay and corresponding device are designed suchthat it can fit in a pocket, enabling its use in the field,pre-hospital, and hospital settings.

Solution Comprising Target Protein

The assay of the disclosure includes a solution comprising a targetprotein. In embodiments, the solution comprising the target proteincomprises cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), whole blood, blood serum, or amixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solution comprises CSF. Insome embodiments, the solution comprises whole blood. In someembodiments, the solution comprises blood serum.

The target protein can be any protein of interest. For example, thetarget protein can be associated with a TBI. In embodiments, the targetprotein comprises GFAP, NF-L, UCH-L1, S-100B, IL-6, or a mixturethereof. In some embodiments, the target protein comprises GFAP. Inembodiments, the target protein comprises IL-6. In embodiments, theassay is capable of detecting the target protein at a concentration of0.01 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL.

First Complex

The assay of the disclosure further includes a first complex. The firstcomplex comprises a bead, wherein the bead has a diameter and a surface.The surface of the bead is substantially coated with a first molecule.As used herein, “substantially coated with a first molecule” means thatat least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90% and/or up to about 60%, 70%,80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or 100% of the surface of the bead iscoated with a first molecule. The first molecule can provide a coatingfor the bead via any suitable intermolecular or intramolecularinteraction(s), for example, via covalent bond(s), ionic bond(s),hydrophobic interactions, and/or hydrogen bonding. For example, in somecases, the first molecule can be an antibody that coats the bead via anaffinity of protein G for IgG (e.g., a first antibody). As providedherein, the bead has a diameter. The bead may have a diameter of atleast about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and/or up to about 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10μm, for example, 1 μm to 10 μm, 3 μm to 10 μm, or 5 μm to 7 μm. Inembodiments, the bead has a diameter of 1 μm to 10 μm. In embodiments,the bead is magnetic. In embodiments, the bead comprises latex. Inembodiments, the bead is photobleached. That is, in embodiments, thebead is prepared such that it does not autofluoresce.

As provided herein, the first complex comprises a first molecule. Thefirst molecule can be any molecule suitable for binding to the targetprotein, such as DNA, RNA, or an antibody. As would be appreciated bythe person of ordinary skill in the art, the particular selection of thefirst molecule will depend on the particular target protein(s) that arebeing detected by the assay. In embodiments, the first molecule is DNAor a fragment thereof. In embodiments, the first molecule is RNA or afragment thereof. In embodiments, the first molecule is an antibody. Inembodiments, the first antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody or apolyclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the first molecule is amonoclonal antibody. In embodiments, the first molecule is a GFAPmonoclonal antibody.

The assay can include any ratio of bead to first molecule that would besuitable to detect the target protein. In embodiments, the first complexincludes a bead:first molecule ratio of about 10:10⁷ to about 10:10⁵.For example, in embodiments, the bead:first molecule (e.g., antibody)ratio is about 67:2×10⁷.

Second Complex

As provided herein, the assay further includes a second complex. Thesecond complex comprises a second molecule and a quantum dot. As withthe first molecule, and as would be appreciated by the person ofordinary skill in the art, the second molecule can be particularlyselected depending on the particular target protein being evaluated bythe assay. For example, the second molecule can be any molecule suitablefor binding to the target protein, such as DNA, RNA, or an antibody. Inembodiments, the second molecule is DNA or a fragment thereof. Inembodiments, the second molecule is RNA or a fragment thereof. Inembodiments, the second molecule is an antibody. In embodiments, thesecond molecule comprises a monoclonal or a polyclonal antibody. In someembodiments, the second molecule is a polyclonal antibody. Inembodiments, the second molecule is a GFAP polyclonal antibody.

Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that thesensitivity of the assay is, in part, dependent on the selection of thefirst and second molecules relative to the target protein. For example,in embodiments, the first molecule and the second molecule eachrecognize at least one unique site on the target protein. Furthermore,the first and/or second molecule should not bind to other species (i.e.,other than the target protein) that may be present in the solution. Insome cases, the solution(s) may be spiked with interferents to inhibitand/or mitigate the binding of the first and/or second molecule tospecies other than the target protein. Suitable interferents include,but are not limited to, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, glucose, glycine, albumin, andcholesterol esterase.

The second complex further includes a quantum dot. As would beunderstood by a person of ordinary skill in the art, a quantum dot is asmall semiconductor particle having a diameter of a few nanometers.Quantum dots have optical and electrical properties and can beilluminated via UV light. Examples of suitable quantum dots for use inthe assays of the disclosure include, but are not limited to QDOT™ 525,QDOT™ 545, QDOT™ 565, QDOT™ 585, QDOT™ 605, QDOT™ 625, QDOT™ 655, QDOT™705, and QDOT™ 800. Quantum dots can also be fabricated in a labaccording to methods generally known in the art. In embodiments, thequantum dot comprises a conjugate comprising streptavidin and afluorescent label. In embodiments, the concentration of the quantum dotis at least about 0.1 nM, 0.5 nM, 1 nM, 5 nM, 10 nM, 25 nM, 50 nM, 100nM and/or up to about 50 nM, 100 nM, 250 nM, 500 nM, 750 nM, or 1 μM.For example, in embodiments, the concentration of the quantum dot is 0.1nM to 1 μM.

The second complex includes the second molecule which is associated withthe quantum dot. As used herein, the term “associated with” means thatthe second molecule can be entangled, embedded, incorporated, bound tothe surface, or otherwise associated with the quantum dot, via anysuitable intermolecular or intramolecular interaction. In embodiments,the second molecule is directly associated with the quantum dot. Thatis, in embodiments, the second complex is free of a linker compound.

In embodiments, the second complex further includes a linker compound,such as a protein. The linker compound can be used to bind the secondmolecule to the quantum dot. The linker compound can associate with eachof the second molecule and the quantum dot via any suitableintermolecular or intramolecular interaction(s). In embodiments, thelinker compound comprises biotin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), protein G,protein A, a carboxyl group, or an epoxy group. In embodiments, thelinker compound comprises biotin. In embodiments, the linker compoundcomprises PEG. In embodiments, the linker compound comprises protein G.In embodiments, the linker compound comprises protein A. In embodiments,the linker compound comprises a carboxyl group. In embodiments, thelinker compound comprises an epoxy group.

Multiplex

The assay functions through the interactions between the solutioncomprising the target protein, the first complex, and the secondcomplex. In particular, the assay can provide, for example, a multiplex,or “sandwich,” in which the first molecule (i.e., coated on the bead),and the second molecule (i.e., associated with the quantum dot with orwithout a linker compound) can interact with the target protein in thesolution. That is, when exposed to the target protein, the firstmolecule and the second molecule interact with the target protein toform a multiplex on the surface of the bead. One example of thismultiplex, using an antibody as each of the first and the secondmolecule, is illustrated in FIG. 6.

Methods of Use of the Microfluidic Assay

A method 400 of using the assay described herein with the microfluidicdevice 10 is shown in FIG. 7. At box 402, the method 400 includesproviding a microfluidic device, such as microfluidic device 10, havinga channel 126 having a height H₁ that is greater at an entrance to thechannel 126 than a height H₂ at an exit of the channel 126, the channel126 decreasing in height from the entrance 128 to the exit 130. At box404, the method 400 includes combining a first solution with a targetprotein and a second solution. The first solution comprises a pluralityof beads, each bead having a diameter and a surface substantially coatedwith a first molecule, as described herein. The second solutioncomprises a second molecule associated with a quantum dot. As a resultof the combining step at box 404, the first molecule and the secondmolecule associate with the target protein to form a multiplex on thesurface of each of the plurality of beads. At box 406, the method 400includes trapping each bead of the plurality of beads along the channel126 based on the diameter of the bead. At box 408, the method 400includes capturing an image of the trapped plurality of beads, forexample by a visual sensor 8. At box 410, the method 400 includessending the image to a data collection/readout device 4. At box 412, themethod 400 includes analyzing the image using image software 6 tomeasure the fluorescence of the multiplex on the surface of at least oneof the trapped beads located at one or more locations along the channel126.

The bead and the first molecule can be selected as described herein, andthe molecule can interact with the surface of the bead via any of theintermolecular or intramolecular interactions described herein. Thefirst solution (i.e., comprising the plurality of beads and the firstmolecule) can also include a solvent, such as phosphate-buffered saline(PBS). The first solution can also include bovine serum albumin (BSA),in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 10%, or about 3% to about 7%by weight of the first solution. In embodiments, BSA is present in anamount of about 6% by weight of the first solution.

Each of the second molecule and quantum dot can be selected as describedherein. In embodiments, the second solution can further include a linkercompound, such as those described herein, such that the linker compoundbinds the second molecule to the quantum dot. In embodiments, the linkercompound comprises biotin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), or a combinationthereof. The second solution (i.e., comprising the second molecule andthe quantum dot) can also include a solvent, such as phosphate-bufferedsaline (PBS). The second solution can also include bovine serum albumin(BSA), in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 10%, or about 3% toabout 7% by weight of the second solution. In embodiments, BSA ispresent in an amount of about 6% by weight of the second solution.

The target protein can be selected as described herein, and can bepresent in a solution comprising cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), wholeblood, blood serum, or a mixture thereof. The solution comprising thetarget protein can be an undiluted solution (e.g., blood drawn directlyfrom the patient), or it can be further diluted to a concentrationappropriate for use in the assay.

The order of combination and injection into the device is notparticularly limited. In embodiments, the combining of the firstsolution with the target protein and the second solution occurs in thechannel.

For example, in embodiments, the first solution is combined with thetarget protein prior to injecting into the channel of the microfluidicdevice, and the second solution is thereafter directly injected into thechannel of the device. For example, the first solution and the targetprotein can be combined prior to injection, such that upon injection tothe device, the target protein is already associated with the firstmolecule that is coated on the surface of the bead via the interactionsbetween the target protein and the first molecule. Thereafter, thesecond solution (comprising the second molecule and the quantum dot) canbe injected into the device, thereby forming the multiplex within thedevice (e.g., at the location of the target protein/first complex viathe interactions between the second molecule and the target protein).

In embodiments, the second solution is combined with the target proteinprior to injecting into the channel of the microfluidic device. In suchembodiments, the first solution can be injected into the device (therebytrapping the beads and first molecule within the channel according toheight of the channel and diameter of the bead), and the mixturecomprising the target protein and second solution (e.g., the targetprotein being associated with the second molecule) can be subsequentlyinjected into the device, such that the multiplex is formed within thedevice (e.g., at the location of the trapped beads via the interactionsbetween the target protein and the first molecule).

In embodiments, each of the first solution, the target protein, and thesecond solution are individually injected into the device. In suchembodiments, the first solution is injected to the device, therebytrapping the beads and first molecule within the device. Thereafter, thetarget protein (or solution comprising the target protein) can beinjected thereby trapping the target protein at the location of thetrapped beads via the interactions between the first molecule and thetarget protein. Thereafter, the second solution (comprising the secondmolecule associated with the quantum dot) can be added to the devicesuch that the multiplex is formed within the device (e.g., at thelocation of the trapped beads/target protein via the interactionsbetween the second molecule and the target protein).

In embodiments, the first solution, target protein, and second solutioncan be combined prior to injection into the device. That is, themultiplex can be formed external to the device and subsequently injectedinto the device.

This image of the trapped beads can be obtained, for example, viafluorescence spectroscopy, wherein the quantum dot will fluoresce at thelocation at which the multiplex is trapped along the length of thechannel. In embodiments, the capturing of the image includes capturing abrightfield image and capturing a fluorescence image, and analyzing theimage using image software includes comparing the brightfield image withthe fluorscense image. Without intending to be bound by theory, thedegree of fluorescence can be directly related to the concentration ofthe target protein within the sample.

In embodiments, the method further includes priming the channel of thedevice with a priming solution prior to trapping each multiplex alongthe channel. In embodiments, the priming solution comprises BSA. Inembodiments, the concentration of the BSA in the priming solution is atleast about 1, 3, 5, 7% and/or up to about 5, 7, 9, or 10% by weight,based on the total weight of the priming solution.

As would be appreciated by the person of ordinary skill in the art, theuse of the assay, taken alone, as well as with the microfluidic device,can be applicable to detecting and measuring not only a single targetprotein, but also a multitude of target proteins. In embodiments, themethod comprises a second target protein. For example, the assay and theuse of the assay with the microfluidic device can be modified in orderto trap two or more multiplexes along the length of the channel of thedevice. Provided that the size of the bead and the selection of thefirst and second molecules are unique for a particular target protein,the assay, and method of use with the microfluidic device, can be usedto detect more than one protein in a given sample.

Kit

The disclosure further provides a kit for determining the concentrationof a target protein in a solution comprising the microfluidic assay asdescribed herein, and a microfluidic device system 2 as described hereinhaving a channel 126 having a height H₁ that is greater at an entrance128 to the channel 126 than a height H₂ at an exit 130 of the channel126, the channel 126 decreasing in height from the entrance 128 to theexit 130.

It is understood that while the disclosure is read in conjunction withthe detailed description thereof, the foregoing description andfollowing examples are intended to illustrate and not limit the scope ofthe disclosure, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims.Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of thefollowing claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Wafer preparation

BOROFLOAT® wafers were annealed at 560° C. for one hour (TEMPRESS S6T1)and then piranha cleaned. To make the etching mask, a 200 Å layer ofchromium and a 2000 Å gold were deposited on the clean wafers (E-BeamEvaporator). A 3 μm layer of S1827 positive photoresist (MICROCHEM) wasspin coated and exposed using a Mask aligner. The development wascarried out using AZ 726, TFA gold etchant, and CR-1020 chrome etchant(TRANSENE). The photoresist was left in the etching step to furtherprotect the gold/chromium layers. This allowed for a cleaner etch. Theglass was etched with a hydrofluoric acid (HF) solutions withconcentrations ranging from 49% to 15%. After the etching, thephotoresist was removed with acetone and isopropyl alcohol, while thegold and chromium layers were removed with their corresponding etchants.

The inlet and outlets were drilled on a separate wafer usingelectrochemical drilling with sodium hydroxide or a Tormach PCNC 440.The etched and drilled wafers were ionic and organic cleaned beforedepositing a 2 μm layer of parylene (SCS PDS 2035CR). The wafers werebonded using the SB-6E to create the devices.

Etching procedure

To create a variable height device, the wafers were non-uniformlyexposed to HF. To do this the wafers were slowly introduced at aspecific rate into the HF solution so that the end introduced first wasetched longer than the end that went into the solution later. This wasaccomplished by using the transverse mechanism of a syringe pumpcustomized with a 3D-printed adapter that was specially designed to holdthe wafer on one end and attach to a syringe pump (HARVARD APPARATUS,PHD 2000) on the other. The displacement of the pump was varied byselecting different flow rates, which allowed for the creation ofdifferent slopes. After the wafer achieved the desired etching, the pumphead was lifted away from the beaker and rinsed with deionized water forat least 5 minutes.

To create the smallest heights on the wafer, only ˜90% of the wafer wasintroduced into the solution. The wafer was taken out of the liquid andthe 3D-printed adapter and rinsed with DI water for 5 minutes. To etchthe final 10% of the channel (˜5 mm), the entire wafer was submergedinto the HF using a standard wafer holder. With the wafer holder, thefinal exposure to HF was more controlled and allowed for the etching ofheights of just 1 μm or below.

The resulting etched profiles were measured with a surface profilometerand are shown in FIG. 8. The height of the channel in micrometers isshown as a function of the location in the wafer. The transverse speedof the pump was 30 mm/min in HF 49%. For protocol 2, the first part ofthe process was identical to protocol 1. After creating the slopedchannel, the entire wafer was etched uniformly in HF to increase theheight.

Example 2

Three different sizes of particles were introduced into the same channelstarting from the biggest particle to the smallest. The particles werefluorescent particles with different colors, so that only one size ofparticle was visible when using a specific optical filter. The particleswere purchased from SPHEROTEC with the following characteristics: skyblue particles (MFP-2070-5 1.7-2.2 μm), pink particles (TFP-5058-55.0-5.9 μm), yellow particles (TFP-7052-5 7.0-7.9 μm). A NIKON Eclipseinverted microscope with fluorescent capabilities was used for theimaging.

As shown in FIG. 9, the particles stopped at different locations in thechannel according to their size (from left to right: 7.9 μm particles,5.5 μm particles, and 2.2 μm particles).

Example 3

Healthy red blood cells were introduced into the device. Whole blood wascentrifuged and washed with phosphate buffered solution 1× with 5%bovine serum albumin. The same solution was infused into the channel for30 minutes to minimize interactions with the walls. The red blood cellswhere diluted to approximately 1% hematocrit and flowed for 10 minutesat a pressure of 12 psi. The results of the red blood cells from ahealthy human passing through the variable height channel are shown inFIG. 10.

As the cells travel the portion of the channel having a height between2.6 and 1.4 μm, they were trapped according to their ability to deform.Only a few made it to the portion of the channel having a 1.4 μm height.

In order to induce a reduction in deformability, the red blood cellswere incubated for one hour in a solution of 0.02% of glutaraldehyde.These treated cells were flowed under the same parameters ofconcentration, pressure, and time into a new channel. The results areshown in FIG. 11. By comparing the results in FIG. 10 with the resultsin FIG. 11, a difference in the stopping point between healthy andtreated red blood cells is apparent. Treated cells do not pass the 2.1μm section of the channel. In fact, few cells make it to the 2.6 μmsection with cells stopping at even higher heights.

Example 4

The continuous nature of the channel can be used to study subpopulationsof cells and particles. For instance, in FIG. 12, healthy red bloodcells from swine can be seen to form different rings that mightrepresent different subpopulations of deformability. Even in healthycells, a range of deformability is present due to the different age andproperties of the cells. The ability to analyze many cells at once is aunique property of the microfluidic device of the present disclosure.

Example 5

Based on the Beers-Lambert law, the light absorbed by a liquid is afunction of the concentration, the path length and the absorptivity ofthe liquid. Following this principle, at different positions in thechannel the absorbed light will be a function of the thickness of theliquid (the height of the channel). To test this principle, foodcolorant was introduced into a channel with thickness from 24 to 13micrometers and the voltage was measured resulting at differentpositions. A correlation was observed in FIG. 13 with more light beingabsorbed (less voltage being measured) at the thickest part of thewafer. This principle will allow the channel of the microfluidic deviceto be used as a spectrophotometer. Applications can include themeasurement of the concentration of different solutions (includingblood, i.e. hematocrit content), and any other solution.

Comparative Example 6—Commercial Assay

The following example uses a commercially available immunoassay with themicrofluidic device to detect GFAP in a sample. The commerciallyavailable assay, from QUANTERIX®, is a typical ELISA assay where anenzyme is used to generate a fluorescent product that is not directlytied to the bead. The QUANTERIX assay is designed to be used with Simoadevices that trap single beads in femtoliter sized wells. The wells trapthe fluorescent product and prevent it from diffusing away from thebeads. The QUANTERIX analyzer carries out all of the assay steps andthen counts the number of wells that are fluorescing or if all of thewells are filled, quantifies the overall fluorescence intensity. Thenumber of fluorescent wells or the overall fluorescence intensity arerelated to how much GFAP was in the sample. The assay range of thecommercially available assay is 0-4,000 pg/mL in serum and plasma. Theassay can also accommodate diluted CSF samples.

Reagent Preparation

Bead Reagent

The beads, having a GFAP antibody coupled thereto, were washed by adding1 mL of Discovery Bead Diluent (QUANTERIX®) to 1 vial of bead stock. Thevial was inverted to mix. Using a magnetic stand, the beads werecaptured and the diluent was aspirated. The beads were then resuspendedin 1 mL of Discovery Bead Diluent and vortexed to mix. The resuspendedbeads were combined with 4 mL of Discovery Bead Diluent to dilute to theappropriate concentration in an amber reagent bottle and vortexed tomix.

Detector Reagent

A 470 μL aliquot of Discovery Detector Diluent (QUANTERIX®) was added to30 μL of GFAP Detector Stock (QUANTERIX®) (comprising a GFAP antibodycoupled with biotin) and vortexed to mix.

SBG Reagent

A 1.2 mL aliquot of Discovery SBG Diluent (QUANTERIX®) was added to 1.51μL of Discovery SBG Concentrate (QUANTERIX®) (comprising the enzyme) andvortexed to mix.

1×PBS Solution

A 10×PBS solution was diluted to 1× by combining 2 mL of 10×PBS with 18mL of DI water and vortexed to mix.

1×PBS+0.1% Triton X-100

The 1×PBS was combined with 20 μL of Triton X-100 and vortexed to mix.

Samples Tested

1) Control (1×PBS+0.1% BSA)

2) 3.45 μg/mL GFAP in 1×PBS+0.1% BSA

3) 6.9 μg/mL GFAP in 1×PBS+0.1% BSA

Reaction Protocol

A 100 μL aliquot of the Bead Reagent was added to the process vial,followed by the addition of 152 μL of the sample (comprising the GFAP).A 100 μL aliquot of the Detector Reagent was added, followed by additionof 100 μL of the SBG Reagent. The vial was vortexed to mix all of thesolutions, and incubated for 35 minutes at room temperature. The beadswere washed seven times with 1×PBS+0.1% Triton X-100 by using a magneticstand to capture the beads, and the supernatant was aspirated. The beadswere washed once with 1×PBS by using a magnetic stand to capture thebeads, and the supernatant was aspirated. A 200 μL aliquot of RGPReagent, comprising the substrate that the enzyme converts to afluorescent product, was added to the dry beads and vortexed to mix.

Device Preparation

The microfluidic device was primed with a solution of 5 wt % BSA in RGPReagent for 30 minutes prior to use. The beads and RGP reagent mixturewas introduced into the device using a pressurized microcentrifuge tube.The pressure was adjusted until the beads flowed through the variableheight channel of the device and remained trapped. Imaging was initiatedonce a line of the beads became visible in the channel with the nakedeye.

Fluorescence Imaging

Images of the trapped beads were captured using an inverted NIKONEclipse Ti and an EXi Blue Camera. The camera gain was set to 9 and theexposure time to 3000 ms to capture the fluorescence images. A 49305filter cube from Chroma Technologies was used to capture fluorescenceimages. Brightfield images of the trapped beads for comparison werecaptured. The color of the captured grayscale fluorescence images werechanged to Orange Hot by changing the LUT in Fiji.

Results

As shown in FIG. 14, the fluorescence intensity decreased withdecreasing GFAP concentration. However, the tested concentrations werenot reflective of physiological conditions. The comparative assay wasnot sensitive enough when used with the microfluidic device to detectconcentrations of GFAP that would be present in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) (ng/mL) or in serum (pg/mL).

Example 7—Evaluation of Binding of Quantum Dot to Bead Surface

Reagent Preparation

Dynabeads™ M-280 Streptavidin Beads were obtained and resuspended in avial by vortexing for 30 seconds. A 50 μL sample of the beads weretransferred to a tube, and 1 mL of 1×PBS was added. The mixture wasvortexed for 5 seconds to mix. The tube was placed on a magnet for 1minute and the supernatant was discarded. The beads were resuspended in500 μL of 1×PBS.

Five concentrations of quantum dot (QDOT® 585) solutions were prepared(20 nM, 10 nM, 5 nM, 2.5 nM, and 0 nM). For the 20 nM solution, 2 μL ofQDOT® 585 stock was combined with 100 μL of 1×PBS+6% BSA and vortexed tomix. For the 10 nM solution, 50 μL of the 20 nM solution and 50 μL ofthe 1×PBS+6% BSA were combined and vortexed to mix. For the 5 nMsolution, 50 μL of the 10 nM solution and 50 μL of the 1×PBS+6% BSA werecombined and vortexed to mix. For the 2.5 nM solution, 50 μL of the 5 nMsolution and 50 μL of the 1×PBS+6% BSA were combined and vortexed tomix. The 0 nM solution included 100 μL of 1×PBS+6% BSA.

A biotin-PEG-biotin solution was prepared by adding 14 mg ofbiotin-PEG-biotin M (MW 600, Creative PEGWorks) to 14 mL of DI water tocreate a 1 mg/ml solution.

The following experimental conditions were tested:

1) Beads only (negative control)2) Quantum dots only (positive control)3) Beads and quantum dots (negative control)4) Beads, biotin-PEG-biotin linker, 20 nM quantum dot solution5) Beads, biotin-PEG-biotin linker, 10 nM quantum dot solution6) Beads, biotin-PEG-biotin linker, 5 nM quantum dot solution7) Beads, biotin-PEG-biotin linker, 2.5 nM quantum dot solution8) Beads, biotin-PEG-biotin linker, 0 nM quantum dot solution (negativecontrol)

Reaction Protocol

A 100 μL sample of the bead solution was combined with 50 μL of sample(either DI water or biotin-PEG-biotin solution) and incubated at roomtemperature for 30 minutes. The beads were separated on a magnet for 3minutes. The beads were washed 5 times with 500 μL 1×PBS+0.1% BSA byusing a magnetic stand to capture the beads, and the supernatant wasaspirated. A 50 μL aliquot of the appropriate quantum dot solution wasadded and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. The sample waswashed three times for 5 minutes in 1×PBS by using a magnetic stand tocapture the beads, and the supernatant was aspirated. The beads wereresuspended in 500 μL of 1×PBS.

Microscope Slide Preparation and Fluorescence Imaging

A 30 μL sample of the resuspended bead solution was pipetted onto amicroscope slide and a coverslip was placed on top.

Images of the solution on the microscope slides were captured using aninverted NIKON Eclipse Ti and an EXi Blue Camera, ensuring that thecamera gain and exposure time were the same for all images. Using a39104 filter cube from Chroma technologies, fluorescent images werecaptured. Brightfield images of the beads for comparison with thefluorescent images were also captured . The color of the capturedgrayscale fluorescence images were changed to Orange Hot by changing theLUT in Fiji.

Results

As shown in FIG. 15, the results of Example 7 demonstrated that thequantum dots localized to the surface of the beads. Furthermore, thefluorescence decreased with decreasing quantum dot concentration.

Example 8—Evaluation of GFAP Binding in Immunoassay

An assay, as described herein, comprising an “immunosandwich” of thetarget protein with the first and second molecule and quantum dot wasprepared, as shown in FIG. 5, and analyzed using the microfluidic devicedescribed herein.

Reaction Protocol

Antibody Coupling to Magnetic Beads

The beads were resuspended in their stock solution by vortexing for 1-2minutes. A 33 μL (1 mg) aliquot of beads were transferred to a tube. Thetube was placed on a magnet for 4 minutes, and the supernatant waspipetted off. The beads were washed with 1 mL of C1 (supplied byThermoFisher Scientific) and mixed by vortexing. The tube was placed ona magnet for 1 minute and the supernatant was removed. A 5 μg (5 μL) or10 μpg (10 μL) aliquot of Abcam GFAP Capture Antibody was added to thebeads. A 50 μL—antibody volume of C1 was added to the beads (5 μgaliquot → 45 μL and 10 μg aliquot→40 μL). A 50 μL aliquot of C2 wasadded to the tube and mixed by vortexing. The tube was incubated on arocker at 37° C. overnight (16-24 hours).

The tube was placed on a magnet for 1 minute and the supernatant wasremoved. A 800 μL aliquot of HB+0.1% Tween 20 was added and mixed byshaking. The tube was placed on a magnet for 1 minute and thesupernatant was removed. A 800 μL aliquot of LB+0.1%+Tween 20 was addedand mixed by shaking. The tube was placed on a magnet for 1 minute andthe supernatant was removed. A 800 μL aliquot of SB was added and mixedby shaking. The tube was placed on a magnet for 1 minute and thesupernatant was removed. The beads were washed twice more, for a totalof three washes. A 800 μL aliquot of SB was added and mixed by shaking.The tube was incubated with rotation at room temperature for 15 minutes.The tube was placed on a magnet and the supernatant was removed. Theantibody-coupled beads were resuspended in 100 μL SB per mg of beads andstored at 2-8° C. (final concentration=10 mg/mL antibody-coupled beads).

Formation of the Multiplex

A 1 μL aliquot of the antibody-coated beads (epoxy beads coated with 5μg of antibody) and 50 μL of PBS+0.1% Tween 20 were pipetted into atube. The tube was placed on a magnet and the supernatant was removed. A100 μL aliquot of sample (the desired concentration of GFAP in BlockingBuffer (1×PBS+0.1% BSA+0.05% Tween 20)) was added to the beads. The tubewas incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature with rotation, andplaced on a magnet to remove the supernatant. A 0.6 μL aliquot of AbcamDetector Antibody+2 μL of quantum dots+50 μL of PBS+0.1% Tween 20 wereadded to the beads, and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperaturewith rotation. The beads were washed 3 times with PBS+0.1% BSA and oncewith 1×PBS. The beads were resuspended in 100 μL of 1×PBS.

Trapping in Microfluidic Device

The channel of the microfluidic device was primed with 5% BSA in 1×PBSfor 15 minutes (using a pressurized centrifuge tube to introduce the BSAsolution into the channel). The centrifuge tube was emptied of anyremaining BSA, and the processed beads (having the multiplex) wereintroduced to the centrifuge tube. The sample was loaded into thechannel for 30 minutes. An image was captured using an invertedfluorescence microscope, CoolLED light source, and CCD camera. Thefluorescence intensities of the trapped beads were analyzed using Fiji.

The results from the fluorescent imaging are shown in FIG. 16, whichdemonstrate the immunoassay is effective in detecting GFAP inconcentrations in the pg/mL and ng/mL scale. Therefore, Example 8 showsthat the immunoassay of the disclosure has improved sensitivity over thecommercial assay, and can be used with the microfluidic device to detectconcentrations of GFAP that would be present in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) (ng/mL) or in serum (pg/mL).

Example 9—Assay with Microfluidic Device

A microfluidic device having height profile shown in FIG. 17 was used inconnection with an assay as described herein:

Beads having multiplexes comprising GFAP (as the target protein) weretrapped along the channel and fluorescence and brightfield images wereobtained, as shown in FIG. 18.

Thus, Example 9 demonstrates that the microfluidic device andcorresponding immunoassay can be used to detect GFAP in a sample at aconcentration of about 50,000 pg/mL (50 ng/mL).

Example 10—Evaluation of IL-6 Binding in Immunoassay

An assay, as described herein, comprising an “immunosandwich” of thetarget protein with the first and second molecule and quantum dot wasprepared, as shown in FIG. 6, and analyzed using the microfluidic devicedescribed herein.

Reaction Protocol

Antibody Coupling to Magnetic Beads

The beads were resuspended in their stock solution by vortexing for atleast 30 seconds. A 200 μL aliquot of beads were transferred to a tube.The tube was placed on a magnet for 4 minutes, and the supernatant wasdiscarded. The beads were washed with 1 mL of C1 (supplied byThermoFisher Scientific) and mixed by vortexing. The tube was placed ona magnet for 1 minute and the supernatant was discarded. The tube wasremoved from the magnet and the washed beads were resuspended in 200 μLof C1.

The tube was placed on a magnet for 1 minute and the supernatant wasdiscarded. The tube was removed from the magnet, and 40 μg (40 μL) ofAbcam IL-6 Capture Antibody was added to the beads. A 100 μL—antibodyvolume of C1 was added to the beads (40 μg aliquot →60μL). A 100 μLaliquot of C2 was added to the tube (total volume of 200 μL) and mixedby vortexing. The tube was incubated on a rocker at room temperatureovernight (16-24 hours).

The tube was placed on a magnet for 1 minute and the supernatant wasremoved. A 800 μL aliquot of HB+0.1% Tween 20 was added and mixed byshaking. The tube was placed on a magnet for 1 minute and thesupernatant was removed. A 800 μL aliquot of LB+0.1% Tween 20 was addedand mixed by shaking. The tube was placed on a magnet for 1 minute andthe supernatant was removed. A 800 μL aliquot of SB was added and mixedby shaking. The tube was placed on a magnet for 1 minute and thesupernatant was removed. The beads were washed twice more, for a totalof three washes. A 800 μL aliquot of SB was added and mixed by shaking.The tube was incubated with rotation at room temperature for 15 minutes.The tube was placed on a magnet and the supernatant was removed. Theantibody-coupled beads were resuspended in 200 μL SB and stored at 2-8°C. (final mixture provided 8×10⁷ beads in 200 μL).

Formation of the Multiplex

All reagents were allowed to come to room temperature. A 1 μL aliquot ofthe antibody-coated beads (M-450 epoxy beads coated with 40 μg ofantibody) and 50 μL of PBS+1% Tween 20 were pipetted into a tube. Thetube was placed on a magnet and the supernatant was removed. A 100 μLaliquot of sample (the desired concentration of IL-6 in Blocking Buffer(1×PBS+0.1% BSA+0.05% Tween 20)) was added to the beads. The tube wasincubated for 15 minutes at room temperature with rotation, and placedon a magnet to remove the supernatant. A 1.44 μL aliquot of AbcamDetector Antibody+4 μL of quantum dots+50 μL of PBS+0.1% Tween 20 wereadded to the beads, and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperaturewith rotation. The beads were washed 3 times with PBS+0.1% BSA and oncewith 1×PBS. The beads were resuspended in 100 μL of 1×PBS.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of using a microfluidic assay in amicrofluidic device system, the method comprising: providing amicrofluidic device system having a channel having a height that isgreater at an entrance to the channel than a height at an exit of thechannel, the channel decreasing in height from the entrance to the exit;combining a first solution with a target protein and a second solution,wherein the first solution comprises a plurality of beads, each beadhaving a diameter and a surface substantially coated with a firstmolecule, and, the second solution comprises a second moleculeassociated with a quantum dot, wherein the first molecule and the secondmolecule associate with the target protein to form a multiplex on thesurface of each of the plurality of beads; trapping each bead of theplurality of beads along the channel based on the diameter of the bead;capturing an image of the trapped plurality of beads; sending the imageto a data collection/readout device; and analyzing the image using imagesoftware to measure the fluorescence of the multiplex on the surface ofat least one of the trapped beads located at one or more locations alongthe channel.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the channel has a widthequal to or greater than 1000 μm, and a length equal to or greater than2 cm.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the channel continuouslydecreases in height from the entrance to the exit.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the height at the entrance is at or between 4 μm and 15μm.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the height at the exit is at orbetween 0.5 μm and 8 μm.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein each of theplurality of beads has a diameter of or between 1 μm and 10 μm.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the target protein comprises glial fibrillaryacid protein (GFAP), NF-L, UCH-L1, S-100B, or a mixture thereof.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the target protein is present at aconcentration of or between 0.01 ng/mL and 50 ng/mL.
 9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the first molecule and/or the second molecule comprisesDNA, RNA, or a fragment thereof.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein thefirst molecule and/or the second molecule comprises a monoclonalantibody or a polyclonal antibody.
 11. The method of claim 10, whereinthe first molecule is a GFAP monoclonal antibody.
 12. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the second molecule is a GFAP polyclonal antibody. 13.The method of claim 1, wherein the second solution further comprises alinker compound, the linker compound binding the second molecule to thequantum dot.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the linker compoundcomprises biotin, protein G, protein A, a carboxyl group, or an epoxygroup.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the quantum dot is present ata concentration of or between 0.1 nM and 1 μM.
 16. The method of claim1, further comprising priming the channel with a priming solution priorto trapping each multiplex along the channel, wherein the primingsolution comprises bovine serum albumin (BSA).
 17. The method of claim16, wherein the BSA is present in an amount of or between 1 and 10 wt %,based on the total weight of the priming solution.
 18. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the combining of the first solution with the targetprotein and the second solution occurs in the channel.
 19. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising a second target protein.
 20. A microfluidicdevice system (2) comprising: a data collection and readout device (4)connected to a visual sensor (8), the visual sensor (8) operativelyconnected to a microfluidic device (10) to capture images within themicrofluidic device (10); an inlet (132) by which a solution enters themicrofluidic device (10), wherein the inlet (132) is connected to asupply line (14) that is connected to a container (12) ; wherein themicrofluidic device (10) further comprises a channel (126) having anentrance (128) and an exit (130), a height (H₁) at the entrance (128)being greater than a height (H₂) at the exit (130).
 21. The microfluidicdevice system (2) of claim 20, wherein the height at the entrance (128)decreases continuously until reaching the height at the exit (130). 22.The microfluidic device system (2) of claim 20, wherein the channel(126) has a width equal to or greater than 1000 μm.
 23. A method (202)of using a microfluidic device system comprising: introducing ananti-interaction agent to a channel of a microfluidic device (204);introducing a solution to the channel of the microfluidic device, thechannel having a height that is greater at an entrance to the channelthan at an exit of the channel, the channel decreasing in heightcontinuously from the entrance to the exit (206); flowing the solutionthrough the channel (208); trapping cells or particles within thechannel (208); stopping the flow of the solution through the channel(210); capturing an image of the trapped cells or particles (212);sending the image to a data collection/readout device (212); analyzingthe image using image software to determine size or deformabilityinformation about the trapped cells or particles (214).
 24. The methodof using the microfluidic device system of claim 23, wherein more thanone image is captured, each image corresponding with a separate portionof the channel.
 25. The method of using the microfluidic device systemof claim 23, wherein the size or deformability information identifies anumber of subsets having certain sizes or deformability characteristics.26. The method of using the microfluidic device system of claim 25,wherein the size or deformability information further identifies therelative size of each of the number of subsets.
 27. A method (302) offabricating a microfluidic device (10) comprising: preparing a glasswafer for etching (304); etching the glass wafer by introducing theglass wafer into an etching solution at a specific rate with a first endof the glass wafer being etched longer than subsequent portions of theglass wafer (306); performing additional etching on the glass wafer bysubmerging the entire glass wafer, including a previously un-etchedportion of the glass wafer, in an etching solution (308); measuring theetched profile of the glass wafer (310).
 28. The method of claim 27,further comprising: drilling an entrance and an exit to the microfluidicdevice (10) on a separate glass wafer (414); bonding the separate glasswafer to the etched glass wafer (416).
 29. The method of claim 27,wherein the etched profile has a target slope, and wherein the specificrate is determined based on the target slope.